![]() ![]() crassipinnis), the pattern of bars along the sides of the body, and the dorsal-fin spine and ray count (XIII.20 in Peruvian A. According to Kullander (2003) both species are medium to large-sized (21–24 cm standard length), and are mainly distinguished by the presence of a group of ocelli (2–12) at the base of the dorsal fin (present in A. Kullander (1986) reviewed the taxonomy of Astronotus species based on morphometric and meristic data from 68 specimens from the Paraguay River basin (Paraná River basin in Paraguay), 18 specimens from several tributaries of the Amazon River basin (Brazil), six specimens from the Orinoco River Basin (Venezuela and Colombia), and 50 from the Peruvian Amazon (Ucayalí and Amazon basins) with this work he redescribed A. 2020) and introduced in Bahia and São Paulo States, and the upper Paraná River in Brazil ( Kullander 1981 García et al. Type locality Rio Paraguay, distributed naturally in southern parts of the Amazon (upper Madeira River) and the upper Paraguay basins ( Kullander 1986 Lasso et al. ![]() 2019) and (2) Astronotus crassipinnis (Heckel, 1840). 2003), Hawaii ( Mundy 2005), Poland ( Solarz 2005), Australia ( Hammer et al. Type locality Atlantic Ocean (error), types in ZSM (lost) distributed in western Amazon and Orinoco basins, with established populations introduced in others states of Brazil as Bahia, Ceará, Espirito Santo, Maranhão, and Piauí states ( Burger et al. Kullander (1981, 1983, 1986) reviewed the taxonomy of Astronotus and considered only two nominal species as valid: (1) Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831 in Spix and Agassiz 1829). It was originally considered to be a subgenus of Crenilabrus Oken, 1817. The genus Astronotus Swainson, 1839 is the only known member of the tribe Astronotini widely distributed in South American river systems ( Kullander 1986, 2003). ![]()
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